Instruction for Mathematics and Science in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades
Grade at Which Specialist Teachers for Mathematics and Science Are Introduced
Almost all Norwegian students have been and still are taught by generalist teachers in primary school (Grades 1 to 7) and by specialist teachers in upper secondary school (Grades 11 to 13). In lower secondary school (Grades 8 to 10), students are taught by a mix of generalist and specialist teachers.
Instructional Materials, Equipment, and Laboratories
Textbooks or teaching materials are no longer centrally mandated, recommended, or approved. There are some recommendations on science laboratory equipment, and security regulations for science laboratories.15,16 In general, all instruction takes place in ordinary classrooms. Some schools, more often at the lower secondary level than the primary level, have designated classrooms for science laboratory work. Some schools have smaller rooms available for group instruction or activities in addition to ordinary classrooms. Some schools have a few computers in each classroom, some have special rooms designated for computer use, and some equip all students with laptops.
Use of Technology
The new 2006 curriculum introduced the concept of basic skills, one of which is being able to use digital tools. Under the curriculum, teachers in every subject and grade require students to apply and improve their skills with digital tools. It is largely up to teachers or schools to decide which tools to use and how to use them.
In mathematics, students use calculators, spreadsheets, and various specialized programs, like GeoGebra. Most students in Norway use calculators in their daily work with mathematics. The type of calculator is decided at the local level. Calculators are allowed on one of two parts of the national final examination.
In science, students use calculators, data loggers, simulations, and animations, among other technological tools. Reports often are written on computers, and information frequently is collected from the Internet.
Accommodation Policies for Instruction and Testing
The majority of teachers use ordinary classrooms for testing.